The document discusses various linguistic challenges and competencies involved in translation between English and Spanish. It covers topics such as translation competence, specialized translation competence, orthotypography, anglicisms, false cognates, syntactic calques, and approaches to integrating foreign terms while maintaining linguistic integrity. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts like monetary systems, punctuation, measurement systems, interjections, idioms, forms of anglicisms entering the language, and discrepancies in verb forms between English and Spanish.

1. Dificultades frecuentes de traducción para la combinación lingüística inglés-español Karina Socorro Ginebra abril, 2010

2. Competencia traductora The essential competences required of a translator are competence of reception and analysis, research competence, transfer competence, competence of text production, competence of translation quality assesment, and linguistic and cultural competence both on the source and the target side (Nord: 1991).

3. Translation competence is the ability to carry out the transfer process from the comprehension of the source text to the reexpression of the target text, taking into account the purpose of the translation and the characteristics of the target text readers (PACTE: 2003)

5. ¿Dónde? = dialecto geográfico (papas, guagua, trusa es ropa interior en Perú y bañador en Cuba, jaba es bolsa en Cuba, movie, vacation, elevator…)

6. ¿Cómo? = dialecto social (cultismos, expresiones coloquiales, palabras tabú…)

7. ¿Quién? = autor

8. ¿Para quién? = lector

13. Lingüística, que está relacionada con el dominio de dos o más lenguas.

14. Comunicativa, que es la capacidad para comunicar conocimiento especializado (escrito y oral).

16. The World's Fastest Human By ALEX ALTMANTime Magazine, Aug. 18, 2009 Jamaica's Usain Bolt celebrates winning the 100-m final at the 12th IAAF World Championships in Athletics, Berlin He shocked everyone but himself. Less than a year after blazing into history by setting a world record in the 100-m dash at the Beijing Olympics, Usain Bolt, a 6 ft. 5 in. blur, broke his own mark on Aug.16 in Berlin. At the same site where American Jesse Owens upstaged Adolf Hitler 73 years ago, Bolt shaved more than a tenth of a second off his own record, clocking an absurd 9.58 seconds. Never shy about touting his talent, Bolt hinted at even greater successes ahead. "I think it will stop at 9.4, but you never know," he said. At this point, nothing seems impossible for the lanky, 22-year-old Jamaican, whose win cemented his place in track-and-field lore, and left no doubt that he owns the sport's most fabled title: World's Fastest Human. Only 17 men have staked claim to the honor, which has grown in stature since Donald Lippincott became the first official world-record holder in the 100-m dash at the 1912 Stockholm Olympics by running a 10.6. Still, his mark stood until his compatriot, Charley Paddock, topped him by notching a 10.4 at a meet in California nine years later. In 1930, Percy Williams, a Canadian, became the first non-American to take the title. Six years later, Owens took the record back with a 10.2-second time — part of the epic performance in Berlin in which the sprinter notched four gold medals and punctured Hitler's vision of Aryan supremacy beneath the Fuhrer's scornful gaze.In the 1980s and '90s, Leroy Burrell and Carl Lewis both held the World's Fastest Human title twice. At the Atlanta Olympics in 1996, Canadian Donovan Bailey snatched the mantle by speeding to gold in 9.84 seconds In 1988, Jamaican-born Canadian Ben Johnson clocked a scorching 9.79 at the Seoul Olympics, but quickly had his record expunged after testing positive for the anabolic steroid stanozolol. Johnson wasn't the last World's Fastest Human to succumb to the lure of steroids. American sprinter Justin Gatlin, who ran a 9.77 at a meet in Qatar, is serving a four-year suspension for doping, and Tim Montgomery is currently serving time in an Alabama prison for bank fraud and heroin distribution. But charismatic, telegenic and steroid-free —he has passed every test administered to him and attributed his win in Beijing to a steady diet of chicken nuggets— the colorful star has outsize talent and a personality to match. "I just blew my mind and blew the world's mind," Bolt said after racing to glory last August. On Aug. 16 he did it again.

17. “THE PIG” IS PENNEDThe dramatic capture of Italy's most notorious mafioso encourages a tormented nation to believe that the mob may at last be on the run THOMAS SANCTON Unkempt, pudgy and beady-eyed, Giovanni brusca was well suited to his Sicilian nickname, u Verru ("the Pig"). Despite his unimpressive physique, Brusca had managed, at 39, to become one of the most powerful and ruthless bosses in the history of the Mafia's legendary Corleone clan. Italian prosecutors say he detonated the bomb that blew up crusading anti-Mafia investigator Giovanni Falcone, his wife and three bodyguards near Palermo in 1992. The following year, Brusca allegedly ordered bombings in Florence, Milan and Rome that left 10 dead. Last January, he was convicted in absentia and sentenced to life in prison for killing a Sicilian tax inspector. According to a former henchman, in one particularly chilling act, he personally tortured and strangled the 11-year-old son of a Mafia turncoat, then threw the boy's body into a vat of acid. To the lawmen who had been closing in on him for the past five months, Brusca seemed as lucky as he was bloodthirsty. He evaded at least three capture attempts this year, but on Monday, May 20, his luck ran out. As Brusca sat in the dining room of a Sicilian villa near Agrigento, eating a steak dinner with his girlfriend and his five-year-old son, along with his brother Vincenzo, 27, his sister-in-law and their two children, some 200 black-hooded special police troops circled the property. At 9:45 p.m., the commandos knocked the doors down and stormed in. Brusca and his brother, also a wanted mafioso, offered no resistance. Ironically, they were watching a TV movie about the Falcone killing at the time of the arrest. Besides a copy of Falcone's book on the Cosa Nostra, police found $30,000 in cash in the villa, suggesting that Brusca was preparing to flee again. The capture of Italy's most wanted mobster was exhilarating news for the center-left government of Prime Minister Romano Prodi, who took office two days earlier with a pledge to wage war on the Mafia. Informed of the arrest while attending a concert in Rome, Interior Minister Giorgio Napolitano exulted, "It's an extraordinary success to have captured the main author of the attack on Falcone. It's the greatest tribute we could pay to his memory." Said Falcone's sister Maria: "Finally the state is giving the strong response that Giovanni wanted."

18. Discrepancias ortotipográficas Sistema monetario € 30  € ; £30  ; Código ISO 4217 (USD; GBP; GMD, etc.); conversión Franjas horarias 1 am; 1 pm  Fechas February 14th, 2010 on Feb.14, A.D. 269 Puntuación .” ; ?; ¡ Sistema imperial frente al sistema métrico decimal pounds, miles, feet, pint, ounces, etc.  Grados: ºF; Cº Mayúsculas/ minúsculas Uso distinto de tipos de letra (siglos, 125th, 25th) Cifras 1,345; 4.2  2010  Enumeraciones (i), (ii)  Interjecciones y onomatopeyas

21. Uso distinto de tipos de letra (siglos, números volados)

23. Modismos o expresiones idiomáticas Out of sight, out of mind East, West, home’s best Travel broadens the mind All that glitters is not gold In Rome do as Romans do He was caught with his hands in the till To drop a brick No tengo donde caerme muerto

24. Anglicismos

25. Anglicismo “es un elemento lingüístico, o grupo de los mismos (sic), que se emplea en el castellano peninsular contemporáneo y que tiene como étimo inmediato un modelo inglés” (C. Pratt 1980:115)

27. Voces latinas y las griegas o helenismos

28. Voces de los pueblos bárbaros invasores del Imperio (germanismos)

29. Voces de origen incierto y etimología discutida

30. Voces de la presencia árabe en España (s. VIII)

31. Lusismos

32. Galicismos

35. 2.- Las tres pantallas (cine, televisión y ordenador)

36. 3.- El mundo del espectáculo

38. Halloween

39. Squash

41. hall y vestíbulo (ambos)

42. jeans (Sudamérica) y vaqueros

43. fútbol y balompié (en desuso)

44. película y filme (ambos)

45. hobby o afición (ambos)

49. skyscraper

50. hot dog

51. public relations

52. miniskirt

53. basketball

54. science fiction

55. What do you say?

58. Estructuras objeto de anglicarse porque no existe correspondencia exacta inglés-español

59. Determinantes He speaks with his hands in his pockets Habla con las manos en los bolsillos

60. Artículos I don´t like cats My father is a lawyer 

61. Discrepancias en el uso de formas verbales LA VOZ PASIVA “Ten Palestinians were killed”  Ayer fueron muertos 10 palestinos (anglicismo de pasiva) Changes can be made from Monday 13th to Friday 17th  ???? cambios desde el lunes 13 hasta el viernes 17 (futuro); ???? cambios desde el lunes 13 hasta el viernes 17 (pasiva refleja) This portrait was made by Dámaso Alonso  Este cuadro lo pinto Dámaso Alonso (voz activa) You are not allowed to come inNo puedes entrar (activa) This form must be returned by April 10th Este formulario ha de ser devuelto antes del 10 de abril (pasiva perifrástica); Este formulario se entregará antes del 10 de abril (pasiva refleja, futuro); Devuélvase este formulario antes del 10 de abril (activa, forma imperativa).

62. Sujeto By the time Dikembe Mutombo turned 9, he knew he wanted to be a doctor. He would work hard and return to Congo to help his country-men  Cuando Dikembe Mutombo …

63. Adverbio She was seriously injured  La hirieron de gravedad (locución prepositiva) y no gravemente Carelessly Unwillingly  de mala gana Ironically Jane is extremely intelligent  Jane no tiene un pelo de tonta (expresión idiomática y contrario negado) He came in sadly  Entró triste (cambio de categóría gramatical: de adverbio a adjetivo)

64. Preposiciones Lincoln is one of the best schools in Oxford Lincoln es uno de los mejores colegios de Oxford

65. Adjetivos Irish Tourist Board Oficina de Turismo de Irlanda She’s got big blue eyes tiene los ojos grandes y azules She’s got long fair hair  The second major subordinate compound sentence type  A null and void vote voto nulo A cooperative and collective action 

66. Despersonalización del “you” The more you eat, the more you spend  I am talking to you, sir  me dirijo a usted

67. The more you eat, the more you spend  Cuanto más se come, más se gasta; cuanto más comes más gastas; cuanto más comemos más gastamos

68. Parataxis e hipotaxis Please do not feed the animals. To do so can damage their health and lead even to fatal injury  Se ruega no dar de comer a los animales puesto que podría provocarles daños fatales e irreversibles “I want to take some cakes to Grandma. She’s not very well.”

70. Both France and Spain belong to the EU

72. Antropónimos NOMBRES DE INDIOS AMERICANOS Crazy horse Two Moons Sitting Bull -> TRANSLITERACIONES Y TRADUCCIONES Горвачев -> (Mikhail) Gorvachev -> (Mijaíl) Gorbachov Гласност -> Glasnost (transparencia) Перестройка -> Perestroika (reorganización o reestructuración) (Osama) Ben Laden -> Bin Laden Ariel Sharon Ariel Sharón

73. Antropónimos(nombres de persona) NOMBRES DE LA REALEZA Charles I  Queen Elizabeth II  Prince William  Stéphanie de Monaco  Henry VIII  NOMBRES DE PERSONAJES CON RELEVANCIA HISTÓRICO-CULTURAL Ane Boleyn  Michelangelo  Moses  William I 

74. Topónimos(nombres de lugares) England  Ireland  Canary Islands  USA  U.K.  The Falklands  Mauritius  Cape Town  Andalutia  Seville  Galway  Mont Blanc  The Rocky mountains  Kenya  Libya  Rwanda  Sydney  South Africa  Latin America  Tokyo  Seoul  !Cuidado con la renominación de lugares¡ La URSS

76. Nombres de calles The Fith Avenue  The Seventh Avenue  10 Downing Street 10 Downing Street ; el número 10 de Downing Street Nombres de lugares emblemáticos The Redwoods  Las Secuoyas (en California) The Pentagon  El Pentágono (sede del departamento de defensa de los EEUU, en Washington) The White House  The British Museum  Westminster Abbey  Fota Wildlife Park  Parque natural Fota o Reserva natural Fota. La Moncloa  The Rose Garden  Nombres de baresy tiendas No se traducen Peter’s bar  El Corte Inglés 

77. NOMBRES DE INSTITUCIONES Y ORGANISMOS (ACRÓNIMOS) NATO  UE  DVD  En caso de no existir traducción reconocida, se debe procurar una traducción aproximada y mantener la sigla en su forma original, de acuerdo con las norma ISO o su homóloga española UNE 50-128-94 (International Standards Organization). Ejemplos: Dublin City University (DCU)  National Socialist Party  PSOE  EJEMPLO DE NOMBRE DE BANCO Para Barclays Bank, Moya (2000) recoge las siguientes opciones encontradas en distintos periódicos: Barclays Bank El Barclays El Barclays bank El banco Barclays El banco británico Barclays

79. The Danish Government has decided that not only the subject of the conference should be focused on the climate but also the conference itself. Among other initiatives the organizers work on mounting af windmill near the Bella Center to produce climate friendly electricity for the conference. The conference in Copenhagen is the 15th conference of parties (COP15) in the Framework Convention on Climate Change. The recent meeting in United Nations Climate Change Conferences was held in December 2007 in Bali.The secretary for the climate conferences is the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeUNFCCC- based in the German city Bonn. An important part of the scientific background for the political decisions taken on the conferences is made by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeIPCC, based in Geneva, Switzerland. The IPCCisEstablished to provide the decision-makers and others interested in climate change with an objective source of information about climate change. IPCC is a scientific intergovernmental body set up by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). In 2007 the IPCC received the Nobel Peace Price). The Climate Conference in Copenhagen is organized in cooperation between the Ministry of Climate and Energy, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Ministry of Finance and the Prime Minister's Office.

80. Otros nombres propios Nombres de equipos Se transfieren. Manchester United -> Manchester United New Jersey Nets (equipo NBA) -> New Jersey Nets NBA (liga de baloncesto) Nombres de vientos Se traducen. Trade winds  vientos Alisios Nombres de huracaneso tornados Se transfieren. Mitch, Katrina, Rita... Marcas registradas Kleenex  clínex (Panhispánico de dudas) Aspirine  Aspirina Formica Gomina Thermos (flask)  Termo Jacuzzi Confort  Obras literarias y de arte Se traducen The thinker  El Pensador (de Rodin) Moses El Moisés (de Miguel Ángel) Sense and sensibility  Sentido y sensibilidad (Jane Austen) Festividades. Traducción con inclusión de explicación (ejemplos extraídos por Moya 2000: 70 de la prensa nacional): Halloween, noche de todos los Santos St Patrick’s day  Día de San Patricio, patrón de Irlanda Fourth of July  El Cuatro de Julio, día nacional en el que EEUU conmemora su independencia

81. TÍTULOS O NOMBRES DE PELÍCULAS Spiderman Chicken Little Seven Brides for Seven Brothers Two much Gone with the Wind The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas Airplane¡  Aterriza como puedas; ¿Dónde está el piloto? PUBLICACIONES El País Nature